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精神医学のアドバンス校正サンプル
注意欠陥／多動性障害（ADHD）は、状況から必要に応じた反応において、持続的な注意、衝動制御、運動活動の調節での発達上の欠陥によって特徴づけられる慢性かつ広汎性の疾患である。ADHDはまた、反抗的行動、攻撃的スペクトラム、学習障害、抑うつ、不安などさまざまな併存障害を伴う。残念ながら、それぞれの併存疾患は困難や障害を伴う。小児ADHDになる場合、極めて高頻度で破壊的になることがあり、社会心理的機能の多くに悪影響を及ぼす。実際、ADHDのあるほとんどすべての小児は、学業成績が著しく悪く、65％もの小児が攻撃的な行動や反抗的な挑戦性を示す。また、自尊心の低下、不安、抑うつ、その他の感情的合併症も、仲間関係の問題に加えて極めて多くみられる。直接的な因果関係はまだ十分には確立されていないが、ADHDが小児だけでなく親の機能にも影響を与えることを示唆する相関的なエビデンスがある。その中で特に臨床的に重要なのは、ADHDの小児の親が、子育てにおいてかなりのストレスを抱えることが極めて多いという事実である。小児のADHDは、家族や夫婦の機能におけるさまざまなレベルの障害、親子関係の崩壊、小児の行動に対する親の理解の特定パターンや親の自己効力感の低下、ならびに子育てのストレスおよび親の精神病理レベルの上昇と関連している。重要なことは、すべての親がある程度のストレスを経験する一方で、外在化行動問題を抱える小児の親は、外在化行動症状のない小児の親よりも有意に多くのストレスを報告していることである。外在化行動問題を抱える小児の親は、自分には子育ての知識が少なく、子育ての能力が低く、社会的支援が少ないと考えている。抑うつ、不安、薬物乱用、人格障害、ADHDなどの親の精神病理は、子どもの行動発達に影響を与えることがわかっている。
Attentiondeficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and pervasive condition characterized by developmental deficiencies in sustained attention, impulse control, and motor activity in response to situational demands. ADHD with comorbid disordersoppositional behaviors aggressivespectrum disorders, learning disorders, depression and anxiety. Unfortunately, each comorbid condition has its own associated difficulties and impairments. When present, ADHD often be highly disruptive adversely areas of child psychosocial functioning. all children with ADHD display significant academic underachievement many as 65% may exhibit aggressive behavior or oppositional defiant tendencies. Low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and other emotional complications are quite common. Although a direct causal connection has yet to be firmly established, there evidence suggesting ADHD the functioning of child Of particular clinical significance is that parents of children with ADHD often experience considerable stress in their parenting roles. The presence of ADHD in children associated varying degrees disturbances in family and marital functioning, disrupted parentchild relationships, specific patterns of parental child’s and reduced parenting self-efficacy, increased levels of parenting stress and parental psychopathology. Importantly, some degree, parents of children with externalizing behavior problems of children without externalizing behaviour symptoms. Parents of children with externalizing problems view themselves as having less parenting knowledge, less competence, and less social support. psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, personality disorders, and ADHD, has been shown to be related to development.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and pervasive condition characterized by developmental deficiencies in related to 1 sustained attention, impulse control, and motor activity regulation in response to situational demands. ItADHD is also associated with various comorbid disorders2 , including oppositional behaviors, aggressive spectrum disorders, learning disorders, depression, and 3 anxiety. Unfortunately, each comorbid condition has its own is associated with difficulties and impairments. Often, When present4 , ADHD can often be highly disruptive and adversely affect several areas of child psychosocial functioning in a child. In fact, almost all children with ADHD display significant academic underachievement, and as many as 65% may exhibit aggressive behavior or oppositional defiant tendencies. Low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, peer relationship problems, and other emotional complications are also quite common in children with ADHD. 5 Although a direct causal connection has yet to be firmly established, tThere is evidence suggesting the correlation and marked impact of ADHD on the functioning of both the child and parent; however, a direct causal relationship is yet to be firmly established. Of particular clinical significance is the fact that parents of children with ADHD often experience considerable stress in their parenting roles. The presence of ADHD in children is associated with varying degrees of disturbances in family and marital datetime=ng, disrupted parent child 6 relationships, specific patterns of parental understanding of a child's behavior and reduced parenting self-efficacy, increased levels of parenting stress and parental psychopathology. Importantly, although some degree,stress may be experienced by all parents, it has been reported to be significantly higher among parents of children with externalizing behavior problems than among those of children without externalizing behaviour symptoms. Parents of children with externalizing behavior 7 problems view themselves as having less parenting knowledge, less parenting competence, and less social support. 8 Parental psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, personality disorders, and ADHD, has been shown to beis related to a child s behavioral development.
- The possessive word “related to” is added to aid better clarity and accuracy. The use of preposition “in” in this context seem incorrect.
- The sentence has been rephrased with the use of better word choice and a modified tone. “ADHD also carries” is an incorrect usage from the technical perspective.
- As per American English convention, a comma (called as serial comma) is used before “and” in a series.
- The word choice has been modified as the phrase is incorrect and lacks clarity.
- The revision was made to ensure conciseness as per the academic writing rule. Therefore, the two smaller sentences were combined into one.
- The en dash is used in place of a hyphen in cases where the paired elements carry equal weight or represent a parallel relationship, such as blood–brain barrier or Bose–Einstein statistics.
- As per the American English convention the words should end in “-or”
- The phrase has been revised to avoid the redundant usage of the word “less”
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and pervasive condition characterized by developmental deficiencies in related to sustained attention, impulse control, and motor activity regulation in response to situational demands. ItADHD is also associated with various comorbid disorders , including oppositional behaviors, aggressive spectrum disorders, learning disorders, depression, and anxiety. Unfortunately, each comorbid condition has its own is associated with difficulties and impairments. Often, When present , ADHD can often be highly disruptive and adversely affect several areas of child psychosocial functioning in a child. In fact, almost all children with ADHD display significant academic underachievement, and as many as 65% may exhibit aggressive behavior or oppositional defiant tendencies. Low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, peer relationship problems, and other emotional complications are also quite common in children with ADHD. Although a direct causal connection has yet to be firmly established, tThere is evidence suggesting the correlation and marked impact of ADHD on the functioning of both the child and parent; however, a direct causal relationship is yet to be firmly established. Of particular clinical significance is the fact that parents of children with ADHD often experience considerable stress in their parenting roles. The presence of ADHD in children is associated with varying degrees of disturbances in family and marital functioning, disrupted parent–child relationships, specific patterns of parental understanding of a child’s behavior and reduced parenting self-efficacy, increased levels of parenting stress and parental psychopathology. Importantly, although some degree,stress may be experienced by all parents, it has been reported to be significantly higher among parents of children with externalizing behavior problems than among those of children without externalizing behaviour symptoms. Parents of children with externalizing behavior problems view themselves as having less parenting knowledge, less parenting competence, and less social support. Parental psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, personality disorders, and ADHD, has been shown to beis related to a child’s behavioral development.
