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湿潤性を変化させる新たな方法の一つとして、ナノ粒子を含む特定の界面活性物質を添加する方法がある。ナノテクノロジーは、石油・ガス産業のいくつかの分野（探査、生産、原油の二次回収、精製など）に革命的な変化をもたらす可能性を秘めている（Shah, 2009）。ナノ粒子を含む特定の界面活性物質は定義によれば、ナノ粒子は粒子径が非常に小さいため、多孔質媒体の細孔内に浸透し、コア表面に付着し、均質な水濡れ領域を形成することによって、水の表面張力よりも表面エネルギーを増大させることができる表面活性剤である。この方式により、湿潤性が水湿性に変化し、コア表面からオイルが引き出される。いくつかの研究が最近行われたが、ナノ粒子がSI、濡れ性の変化、および油回収の改善に及ぼす影響に関するいくつかの疑問は未解決のままである。Clark ら（1990）は、水性金属をプロセスに添加した場合、重油の粘度がさらに低下することを明らかにした。Cacciolaら（1993）は、シクロヘキサンおよびメチルシクロヘキサンの脱水素に関して、ナノ粒子が良質の活性、選択性、および安定性を有していると実証した。Aliら（2004）とTempleら（2005）は、掘削フィールドの頁岩の浸透性を下げるためのナノ粒子の効果について調査し、ナノ粒子が水の反転をブロックし、頁岩壁の強度を減少させることに成功したことを明らかにした。Zhang（2010）は、ナノ粒子が多孔質媒体を通過する際にひずみが生じないと主張した。Fanら（2009）は、イオン液体を用いた重油のアップグレード実験を行い、重油の粘度、平均分子量、アスファルテン含有量を低下させることができることを明らかにした。同様に、Chenら（2009）は、重油の触媒的水熱分解におけるナノ粒子の粘度低減について研究した。Yuら（2010）は、ナノ粒子が多孔質媒体を通過するには、およそ２桁の大きさにする必要があると主張している。
One of the newborn methods to create wettability alteration is adding certain surface-active materials, including nanoparticles. Nanotechnology has the potential to introduce revolutionary changes in several areas of oil and gas industry, for example exploration, production, enhanced oil recovery, and refining (Shah, 2009). Nanoparticles are defined as surface active agents, because they have a very small particle size, which helps them penetrate into the pore volume of porous media, stick on the core surface, and, by creating homogeneous water-wet area, increase surface energy more than the surface tension of water. Thus the wettability is altered to water-wet and oil is pulled out from the core surface. Recently, only a few studies have been carried out and still a lot of questions on the influence of nanoparticles on SI, wettability alteration, and the possible improvement of oil recovery have been remained unanswered. Clark et al. (1990) found that when an aqueous metal was added into the process, the heavy oil viscosity was further reduced. Cacciola et al. (1993) reported that nanoparticles have a benign activity, selectivity, and stability for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane. Ali et al. (2004) and Temple et al. (2005) was investigated the effect of nanoparticles on lowering the permeability of shale in drilling fields. Nanoparticles succeeded in blocking water inversion and decreasing the strength of shale wall. When nanoparticles are passed through porous media, there is no straining of nanoparticles (Zhang, 2010). Fan et al. (2009) studied experimentally using ionic liquids to upgrade heavy oil. They found that ionic liquids could decrease the viscosity, average molecular weight, and asphaltene content of the heavy oil. Chen et al. (2009) studied the viscosity reduction of nanoparticles in the catalytic aqua-thermolysis of heavy oil. Yu et al. (2010) found nanoparticles are roughly 2 orders of magnitude smaller to be able to pass through porous media.
Adding surface-active materials such as nanoparticles is an One of the newborn 1 emerging methods to of create creating wettability alteration is adding certain surface-active materials, including nanoparticles. Nanotechnology has the potential tocan 2 introduce revolutionary changes in several areas of the oil and gas industry, for example such as the exploration, production, enhanced oil recovery, and refining (Shah, 2009). Nanoparticles are defined asare surface- active agents, because they havewith a very small particle size, which helps them penetrate into the pore volume of porous media, stick on the core surface, and, by creating homogeneous water-wet area, increase surface energy more than the surface tension of water by creating homogeneous water-wet area. ThusWith this scheme,3 the wettability is altered to water-wet and oil is pulled outextracted 4 from the core surface. Recently, only a Only a few studies have been carried outconducted recently, whereas and still a lot ofseveral questions on the influence of nanoparticles on spontaneous imbibitionSI5 , wettability alteration, and the possible improvement of oil recovery have been remained 6 remain unanswered. Clark et al. (1990) found that when an aqueous metal was added into the process, the heavy oil viscosity was further reduced. Cacciola et al. (1993) reported described that nanoparticles to demonstrate have a benign activity, selectivity, and stability for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane. Ali et al. (2004) and Temple et al. (2005) was investigatedinvestigated the effect of nanoparticles on lowering the permeability of shale in drilling fields and. found that Nanoparticles nanoparticles succeeded in blocking water inversion and decreasing the strength of the shale wall. Zhang (2010)7 asserted that no straining of nanoparticles occurs When as nanoparticles they are passed through porous media, there is no straining of nanoparticles (Zhang, datetime=l>, whereas. Yu et al. (2010) foundclaimed that the nanoparticles areshould be roughly 2two orders of magnitude smaller to be able to pass through the porous media8 . Fan et al. (2009) studied performed experimentally experiments using ionic liquids to datetime=eavy oil and. They found that ionic the liquids could decrease the viscosity, average molecular weight, and asphaltene content of the heavy oil. Similarly, Chen et al. (2009) studied the viscosity reduction of nanoparticles in the catalytic aqua-thermolysis of heavy oil. Clark et al. (1990) revealed further reduction in the heavy oil viscosity when an aqueous metal was added into the process.Yu et al. (2010) found nanoparticles are roughly 2 orders of magnitude smaller to be able to pass through porous media.
- Newborn is an informal word to describe the noun method; there are better formal alternatives, i.e., emerging.
- It is important to convey ideas in scientific texts in a concise and clear. Here, "has the potential to" was replaced by "can"
- Introductory clauses are normally proceeded by a comma.
- From the technical perspective, the term �pulled out� is somewhat simplistic and not generally used in this context. The term �extracted� is more widely used and technically accurate.
- The abbreviation was defined. Since it has not been repeated at any other instances in the text, SI was not used.
- Note that the use of have been implies a present perfect progressive tense, whereas the use of remained implies a simple past tense. The use of both these tense together is incorrect.
- Reconstructed to maintain consistency in the writing style, for example, Zhang (2010) and Cacciola et al. (1993) are introduced at the beginning of the sentence.
- This sentence (due its content similarity with the preceding sentence) has been moved here to improve flow and transition.
Adding surface-active materials such as nanoparticles is an emerging method of creating wettability alteration. Nanotechnology can introduce revolutionary changes in several areas of the oil and gas industry, such as the exploration, production, enhanced oil recovery, and refining (Shah, 2009). Nanoparticles are surface-active agents with a very small particle size, which helps them penetrate into the pore volume of porous media, stick on the core surface, and increase surface energy more than the surface tension of water by creating homogeneous water-wet area. With this scheme, the wettability is altered to water-wet and oil is extracted from the core surface. Only a few studies have been conducted recently, whereas several questions on the influence of nanoparticles on spontaneous imbibition, wettability alteration, and possible improvement of oil recovery remain unanswered. Cacciola et al. (1993) described nanoparticles to demonstrate benign activity, selectivity, and stability for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane. Ali et al. (2004) and Temple et al. (2005) investigated the effect of nanoparticles on lowering the permeability of shale in drilling fields and found that nanoparticles succeeded in blocking water inversion and decreasing the strength of the shale wall. Zhang (2010) asserted that no straining of nanoparticles occurs as they pass through porous media, whereas Yu et al. (2010) claimed that the nanoparticles should be roughly two orders of magnitude smaller to be able to pass through the porous media. Fan et al. (2009) performed experiments using ionic liquids to upgrade heavy oil and found that the liquids could decrease the viscosity, average molecular weight, and asphaltene content of the heavy oil. Similarly, Chen et al. (2009) studied the viscosity reduction of nanoparticles in the catalytic aqua-thermolysis of heavy oil. Clark et al. (1990) revealed further reduction in the heavy oil viscosity when an aqueous metal was added into the process.
