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Rethinking Americanized Cultural Zionism and the Making of
American Judaism from the 1900s to 1920s
Keywords :Aḥad Haʽam , Judah L. Magnes , Mordecai M.
Kaplan , Horace M. Kallen , Cultural Zionism
1.はじめに
ユダヤ人の文脈からアメリカ・ユダヤ史を振り返った場合、1900年代から1920年代にかけては、ユダヤ教の在り方がより多元化し、新たにアメリカ・ユダヤ人としてのアイデンティティを形成する必要に迫られた時代であったと言えるだろう。
その理由の一つは、19世紀後半以降に二つの異なる文化的・宗教的背景をもったユダヤ移民が、それぞれアメリカ社会への同化を目指していたことに拠る。
「ドイツ系」と「東欧系」、この二つの集団は話す言語が異なるほか、経済的格差、居住区域、その生活習慣(宗教的慣習に対する実践の度合い)の異なりにより分断されていた。
取り巻いた状況は多元的であり、ユダヤ人共同体としてもけっして一枚岩ではなかったが、アメリカにおけるユダヤ教の展開を概観すると、それぞれの時代のラビたちが、ユダヤ性を捨て去ることなくアメリカ社会へ順応できるよう、アメリカの土地にちなんだ「ユダヤ教」の形成を試みてきた。
Rethinking Americanized Cultural Zionism and the Making of
American Judaism from the 1900s to 1920s
Keywords :Aḥad Haʽam , Judah L. Magnes , Mordecai M.
Kaplan , Horace M. Kallen , Cultural Zionism
1. Introduction
If looking back at U.S. Jewish history from the Jewish
context, from the 1900s to the 1920s, the nature of U.S.
Judaism became more pluralistic, and it was imperative to
form a new identity as the U.S. Jewish people, we may
say.
One reason for this is that , from the latter half of the
19th century , Jewish immigrants , who had two differing
cultural and religious backgrounds , sought respectively
to assimilate to American Society .
“ German” and “ East European ” , the two groups were
divided by different languages , differences in economic
status , residential areas , and other life customs
(degree of practice of religious customs ) .
The surrounding situation was pluralistic, and although
the Jewish community was certainly not monolithic, the
general outline of the development of Judaism in U.S,
shows the rabbi of the respective ages attempted to form
“Judaism” in order to respond to the American society
without abandoning the Jewish nature
Jonathan D. Sarna emphasizes that the 19th century , was
the period of a kind of " Judaism awakening " in the
American Jewish community .
In the spring of 2020, the corona crisis caught the German health system and, in principle, the globalised world almost unprepared. The COVID-19 virus spread rapidly from the People's Republic of China to over 185 countries, placing unprecedented restrictions on public and private sectors [1]. The high rate of severe outbreaks exceeded the local intensive care capacity of some countries, resulting in high mortality rates of between 0.2 and 15%, depending on age and pre-existing diseases [2]. In order to prevent this in the Federal Republic of Germany, far-reaching measures for infection prevention were presented and implemented by the Ministry of Health [3].
For the specialty of orthopaedics and trauma surgery, the pandemic initially meant the closure or reduction of consultation hours and a massive restriction of elective operations. In addition, nursing and medical staff were withdrawn from many clinics in order to conserve resources, prevent the spread of infections or train staff in the treatment of the lung disease. This severely limited comprehensive patient care and required prioritising of remaining consultation appointments for patients who needed urgent diagnoses. One way to overcome these limitations is to establish or develop video consultation services in private practices and outpatient departments of hospitals. These are already being used around the world, but have tended to be used in rural areas or areas with limited medical services [4]. The numerous and new challenges posed by the pandemic require creative, fast and modern approaches in order to consistently maintain the high quality of care for orthopedic and trauma surgery patients. With more than 25,000 implantations of shoulder and elbow endoprosthesis and well over 80,000 fractures of the humerus bone every year, there is a great need for pre- and post-operative care for patients with injuries or degenerative changes of the upper extremity [5,6]. With telemedicine service, a promising alternative consultation is available during the corona crisis, for which the standards and algorithms have not been investigated sufficiently. The aim of this work is to give specific recommendations for the implementation of a video-assisted shoulder consultation. For this purpose, the accuracy of a contact-less clinical examination of the shoulder joint is to be evaluated and thus advantages and disadvantages as well as limitations of the digital consultation are to be accessed.
In the spring of 2020, the
corona crisis coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus
[QCA1] caught the German health
care system
and
, in principle,
much of the
globalised world
almost unprepared.off guard.
The
COVID-19 virus
pandemic spread
[QCA2] rapidly from the
People'sPeople’s
Republic of China to
overmore than 185
countries,
placingnecessitating
unprecedented restrictions
onin
the public
and private sectors
[.1[QCA3]
].
The high rate of severe outbreaks exceeded the local
intensive care capacity of some countries, resulting
in
high mortality rates of
between 0.2
and –15
%,% depending
on age and
pre-existing diseases [comorbidities.2
]. In order to prevent
this
To minimise the spread of the virus
in the Federal Republic of Germany,
far-reaching measures for infection
prevention
were presented and implemented by
the Ministry of Health
[proposed and implemented far-reaching infection
control measures.3
].
[QCA4]
For the
specialty of
orthopedic orthopaedics
[QCA5] and trauma surgery specialties,
[QCA6] the
onset of the pandemic
initially meantresulted in
the
closuresuspension or
reduction of consultation hours and
a massivesubstantial
restriction of elective
operations.surgeries/procedures.
In addition, nursing and medical staff were
withdrawnlaid off from
many clinics
in order to conserve resources,
prevent
the
spread of
infectionsthe
infection,[QCA7]
or train staff
in reassigned for the treatment
of
the lung disease. This
affected patients. These changes
severely limited comprehensive patient care and
required
prioritisingtheprioritisation
of
the remaining
consultation
appointmentsslots for
patients
who needed
requiring
urgent diagnoses
. One way/treatment. Video consultation services are a
method
to overcome these limitations
is to establish or develop video consultation
services
in private practices and outpatient departments of
hospitals.
These
video services
are already being used
around the world,worldwide
but
have tended to be usedare more common
in rural areas or
areas with limitedwhere
medical services
[are
limited.4[QCA8]
]. The numerous and new
Innovative, time-saving solutions are needed to
overcome the
challenges
posedimposed by
the pandemic
require creative, fast and modern approaches in
order to consistently
so as to maintain
thea high
quality of care for orthopaedic and trauma surgery
patients.
With more than Every year, Germany records >25,000
implantationscases of
shoulder and elbow
endoprosthesisarthroplasties
and
well over >80,000
cases of humeral
fractures
of the humerus
bone every
year;
[QCA9] hence, there is a great need for pre- and post-operative
care for patients with injuries or degenerative
changes of the upper
extremity [extremities.5,6
]. With telemedicine service, a promising
alternative consultation is available during the
corona crisis
Telemedicine services, for which
the standards and algorithms have
not
yet been
sufficiently investigated
sufficiently. , are a promising alternative to in-person
consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The aim of this
work isstudy was to
giveprovide
specific recommendations for the implementation of
a
video-assisted shoulder
consultation.examinations.
For this purpose, the
authors evaluated the
accuracy of a contact-less clinical
examinationexaminations
of the shoulder joint
is to be evaluated
and
thus
assessed the advantages
and,
disadvantages
as well as , and limitations of
the digital consultation are to be
assessedvirtual
consultations.[QCA10]
独自の工程管理システムですべて
の翻訳を24時間以内に納品
外資系製薬会社 様
「30名の医学の専門家が、正確な翻訳を迅速に行ってくれました。営業の方が毎週私たちのもとへ訪問し、進捗状況を共有し、かつ私たちのフィードバックをその後の翻訳に正確に反映してくれました。短期間でこれだけ質の高い翻訳を提供してくれたことに感謝しています。友人や知人にもおすすめできる翻訳会社です」
13人の執筆者からなる学術書籍を翻訳
東京大学出版会 様
「今回の書籍は10以上もの章からなる上、章ごとに執筆者が異なり、かつ複数の領域を横断するものでしたが、幅広い分野にきちんと対応していただいたと思います。また、ネイティブチェッカーが実に丁寧にたくさん添削してくださっているのにはビックリしました。手抜きがないという感じがしました。長期にわたるプロジェクトで、翻訳チームの方々だけではなく、営業やカスタマーサービスなど大勢の方に支えられました。」